The low-down:

Soya (or soy in the US because they like to be different) is widely known as a meat and dairy alternative.

It comes in various forms:

1. They can be eaten as whole foods; as soybeans, as well as soya milk and tofu. These are the least processed types of soya you can find.
2. Fermented soya such as soya sauce, tempeh and miso paste. Yay ramen noodles.
3. Soya-based processed foods such as meat substitutes (burgers/ sausages), yoghurts and cheese. Kind of synonymous with Fry’s if you’re from South Africa.
4. Soya protein is found in protein powders, protein bars and shakes. This is the most processed derivative of soya made by grinding the soya beans, and extracting their oil.

Before I jump into the benefits and adverse effects, it should first be stated that these effects depend largely on the type of soya one is consuming with most benefit being derived from whole soya and fermented soya. Many, many studies have been performed on soya but there is still controversy surrounding it as many of the studies have been based on the Asian population – who eat whole soya and therefore cannot be generalized to include the Western population as the soya form consumed by each population differs, and genetics and environmental factors may play a role in the findings.

Benefits:

High protein content

Soya is widely recognized as a great source of plant based protein, almost equal to animal products. Although the processed soya loses much of its nutrients in the process, the protein content is maintained. Due to its protein content, it helps build muscle but is not the best protein choice; a review study showed that in terms of muscle building, whey protein is superior to soya protein, and casein powder is inferior to both forms of protein.

Insoluble fibre

Insoluble fiber is present more in whole soya, which is a great benefit over animal products. This facilitates digestion and is therefore good for people with chronic constipation. The fiber also helps people with high cholesterol and Type II diabetes.

Vitamins and minerals

Vitamins and minerals are present such as Vitamin C, folate, calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium, although these are mainly found in whole soya foods.

Cholesterol lowering

Whole soya contains no cholesterol (but watch out because the processed foods seem to see some cholesterol content creeping back in), but rather contains phytosterols. This compound, according to studies, lowers the LDL (bad) cholesterol levels as well as total cholesterol levels in the body. This benefit is most significant in people diagnosed with hypercholesterolaemia.

However, soya supplements did not carry this same benefit due to the stripping process.

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Phytoestrogens

Right, so we could all see the ‘oestrogen’ hidden in that word. Soya contains the type isoflavones in particular, and you guessed it, they are weak oestrogens. Cue the breast cancer studies. A lot of them.

Interestingly enough, the studies have shown that higher intake of whole soya reduced breast cancer in pre- and post-menpausal women. This may be slightly confusing but the theory is that although they mimic the action of oestrogen; they do so to a much milder degree so that when they bind to oestrogen receptors and block access to stronger oestrogens, they have a much milder effect. (These studies were focused on Asian females who eat more whole soya foods, so can’t be generalized to have the same benefit in Western populations where more processed food is eaten.)

As stated before, Isoflavanes are a weak oestrogen in the body; therefore they can reduce symptoms of menopause such as hot flushes which are caused by declining oestrogen levels.

Negatives:

Allergens

Soya is known to be one of the more common allergens in people.

GMO

Most soya is genetically modified. GMOs and the pro’s and con’s thereof is a separate debate entirely (but basically, nobody knows – there is not enough long-term studies), so if this is a concern for you, rather opt for organic soya.

Processed soya products

Although not inherently bad for you, soya being marketed as a health food carries the same risks as all processed food. If the ingredients read ‘soya protein’, it means that the soya is the highly processed form, carrying few of the nutrients and benefits of whole soya.

Also, the soya protein is just one of the ingredients used in the production. Therefore, pay attention to the other ingredients on the packaging, it is likely to have added sugar, salts, unhealthy fats and preservatives.

Other Concerns:

There are a few other concerns around soya that have been raised and researched and not found to be particularly problematic. I’ve seen multiple articles quote these reasons as reasons to avoid it, quoting research that was mostly based on theory, trials not done on humans, and often ignoring the better quality evidence proving the opposite. Therefore, worthwhile to mention so the truth can be known.

Breast cancer

This one is being repeated because of the amount of false information out there with no research ever having shown increased risk with either whole soya or processed soya, but rather proving the opposite.

Thyroid functions

Thyroid functions were thought to be affected due to goitrogens in soya, however no studies have shown significant impact.

Testosterone

Because of the phytoestrogens, concerns with regard to male sex hormones were brought up. But multiple studies showed that free testosterone or total testosterone levels were not affected.
Bottom-line.

Take aways:

• Soya is not bad for you (if you are not allergic to it of course). There is no evidence to cut it out of your diet.
• However, processed soya contains the same negatives as other processed food. Although it is easy to become dependent on processed soya since it’s affordable and convenient, some argue that it tastes pretty decent, it serves as an alternative to animal products and contains a fair amount of protein, whole soya forms are much better and more likely to provide the health benefits listed above. As with everything, including the whole food soya, moderation, balance and a baseline healthy diet is important.
• It is not a super-food. If you don’t enjoy the taste don’t try to force it into your diet. Many other foods in your diet could probably cover the nutrients that it would provide you. Unless you’re real picky and don’t eat many basic things.

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